(1) Deinstitutionalization: Lamb, R. H. “Improving Our Public Mental Health Systems.” Archives of General Psychiatry, 1989, 4(6), 743- 744;

Bachrach, L. L. An Overview of Deinstitutionalization. New Directions for Mental Health Services. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993; Johnson, A. B. Out of Bedlam: The Truth About Deinstitutionalization. New York: Basic Books, 1991; and Shenson, D., Dubler, N., and Michaels, D. “Jails and Prisons: The New Asylums?” American Journal of Public Health, 1990, 80 (6), 655- 656.

(2) Willie’s story: Corcoran, Kevin. “Sick Justice.” The Times (Munster, Indiana), September 14, 1997.

(3) Prisons contain (statistics): U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. “Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics,” online at http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook, 1996; Donziger, S. R. (ed.). The Real War on Crime: The Report of the National Criminal Justice Commission. New York: Harper Perennial, 1996.

(4) Rate of second arrests: Tonry, M. “President Clinton, Mandatory Minimums, and Disaffirmative Action.” Tikkun, Nov./Dec., 1997.

(5) “Replacement effect”: Hagan, J. “The Imprisoned Society: Time Turns a Classic on Its Head.” Sociological Forum, 1995, 10(3), 519– 525.

(6) Comparison of crime and imprisonment rates in the fifty states: Irwin, J., and Austin, J. It’s About Time: America’s Imprisonment Binge. Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1994; and Selke, W. L. Prisons in Crisis. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.