الفصل الثاني:
(1) Early childhood trauma: Amaya-Jackson, L., and March, J. S. “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents.” Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, Vol. 2: Anxiety, Philadelphia: Saunders, 1993, 639–654; Bell, C., and Jenkins, E. “Traumatic Stress and Children in Danger.” Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 1991, 2, 175–185; Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., Andreski, P., and Peterson, E. “Traumatic Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in an Urban Population of Young Adults.” Archives of General Psychiatry, 1991, 48, 216–222; Burton, D., Foy, D., Bwanausi, C., Johnson, J., and Moore, L. “The Relationship Between Traumatic Exposure, Family Dysfunction, and Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms in Male Juvenile Offenders.” Journal of Trauma Stress, 1994, 7, 83–93; Cooley-Quille, M., Turner, S., and Beidel, D. “Emotional Impact of Children’s Exposure to Community Violence: A Preliminary Study.” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1995, 34, 1362–1368; Garbarino, J., Kosteiny, K., and Dubrow, N. No Place to Be a Child. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass, 1991; Shakoor, and Debora, C. “Co-Victimization of African-American Children Who Witness Violence: Effects on Cognitive, Emotional and Behavioral Development.” Journal of the National Medical Association, 1991, 83, 233– 238.
(2) Massachusetts study: Delinquent Youth and Family Violence: A Study of Abuse and Neglect in the Homes of Serious Juvenile Offenders. Common wealth of Massachusetts. Boston, Department of Youth Services, 1985.
(3) Link between trauma and criminal behavior: Collins, J., and Bailey, S. “Traumatic Stress Disorder and Violent Behavior.” Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1990, 3(2), 203–220; Steiner, H., Garcia, I. G., and Matthews, Z. “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Incarcerated Juvenile Delinquents.” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1997, 36(3), 357–365; Kupers, T. A. “Trauma and Its Sequelae in Male Prisoners: Effects of Confinement, Overcrowding, and Diminished Services.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1996, 66(2), 189– 196. (4) Crowding: Calhoun, J. “Population Density and Social Pathology.” Science, 1962, 206, 139–148; D’Atri, D. “Psychophysiological Responses to Crowding.” Environment and Behavior, 1975, 7, 237–251; Ekland-Olson, S. “Crowding, Social Control, and Prison Violence: Evidence from the Post- Ruiz Years in Texas.” Law and Society Review, 1986, 20, 289– 421; Paulus, P. B., McCain, G., and Cox, V. C. “Death Rates, Psychiatric Commitments, Blood Pressure, and Perceived Crowding as a Function of Institutional Crowding.” Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior, 1978, 3, 107–117; Thomberry, T., and Call, J. “Constitutional Challenges to Prison Overcrowding: The Scientific Evidence of Harmful Effects.” Hastings Law Journal, 1983, 35, 313– 353.
(5) The SHU Syndrome: Grassian, S. “Psychopathological Effects of Solitary Confinement.” American Journal of Psychiatry, 1983, 140 (11), 1450– 1454; Grassian, S., and Friedman, N. “Effects of Sensory Deprivation in Psychiatric Seclusion and Solitary Confinement.” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1986, 8, 49– 65; Hodgins, S., and Cote, G. “The Mental Health of Penitentiary Inmates in Isolation.” Canadian Journal of Criminology, 1991, 175– 182.
(6) Women housed in supermaximum control units: Korn, R. Excerpts from a report on the effects of confinement in the Lexington High Security Unit. In Churchill, W., and Vander Wall, J. J. (eds.). Cages of Steel: The Politics of Imprisonment in the United States. Washington, D.C. : Maisonneuve Press, 1992, pp. 123– 127.
(7) 40 percent are functionally illiterate: The Center on Crime, Communities, and Culture. “Education as Crime Prevention.” Research Brief, Occasional Paper Series, September 1997, Vol. 2. New York: Center on Crime, Communities, and Culture (888 Seventh Ave., NY, NY 10106).
